Glossary

Abolitionist — A reformer who favors abolishing slavery (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Adorn — to heighten the appearance of with ornaments (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Adornment — the action of adorning: the state of being adorned (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Advocate — A person that defends the cause of another (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Aesthetic — of or relating to beauty or what is beautiful (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Alumina — Any of several forms of aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring naturally as corundum, in a hydrated form in bauxite, and with various impurities as ruby, sapphire, and emery, used in aluminum production and in abrasives, refractories, ceramics, and electrical insulation. Also called aluminum oxide (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Analogous colors — Color scheme that uses colors that are side by side on the color wheel and share a hue (i.e. red-orange,) (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Analogous colors — similar or alike colors (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Antebellum — Term used to describe historical era that preceded the Civil War (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Appreciate — To recognize the quality, significance, or magnitude of (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Art — the conscious use of skill and creative imagination in the production of objects, or works produced (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Article — A particular section or item of a series in a written document, as in a contract, constitution, or treaty (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Artifact — An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament of archaeological or historical interest (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Atom — A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Auction — A public sale in which property or items of merchandise are sold to the highest bidder. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Audience — The spectators or listeners assembled at a performance, for example, or attracted by a radio or television program (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Autobiography — a biography written by the person it is about (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Background — the part of a painting representing what lies behind objects in the foreground. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Bedstead — the framework of a bed (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Biography — a history of a person's life (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Bodice — the upper part of a dress (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Bodice — The fitted part of a dress that extends from the waist to the shoulder (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Bounty Hunter — A person or group of individuals who hunt for and capture runaway slaves in order to return them to their owner for financial reward. Also known as a slave catcher. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Brave — A person that faces or endures danger with courage. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Bustle — A bow, peplum, or gathering of material at the back of a woman's skirt below the waist (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Bustle — a pad or framework expanding and supporting the fullness of the back of a woman's skirt or dress (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Cargo — Name given to escaped slaves when they received assistance from conductors on the Underground Railroad. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Carve — to cut with care or exactness (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Carving — the act or art of a person who carves (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Cell — one of the tiny units that are the basic building blocks of living things, that carry on the basic functions of life either alone or in groups, and that include a nucleus and are surrounded by a membrane (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Cell membrane — a semi permeable outside layer surrounding the protoplasm of a cell (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Cell wall — the firm nonliving and usually chiefly cellulose wall that encloses and supports most plant cells (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Center of Interest — Artistic arrangement of art elements to draw the viewer?s attention to a particular spot in a picture. Some tactics artists use to create a visual emphasis for the most important parts are: putting them in the center foreground of the picture, plus giving them a strong light source and a lot of detail. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Ceramics — Any of various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Character — The combination of qualities or features that distinguishes one person, group, or thing from another (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Chloroplast — a plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the location of photosynthesis and starch formation in a plant cell (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Chromatin — a material present in chromosomes that is made up of DNA and protein and stains deeply with certain biological stains (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Chronological order — arranged in order of time of occurrence (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Cincinnati — A city of extreme southwest Ohio on the Ohio River. Founded in 1788, it is a port of entry and an industrial, commercial, and cultural center for an extensive area in Ohio and Kentucky. Population: 364,040 (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Cinquain — A five-line stanza (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

City council — The governing body of a city (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Civil War — The war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Clay — A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated, consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Client — The party for which professional services are rendered (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Client — a person who uses the professional advice or services of another (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Climax — The point of greatest intensity or force in an ascending series or progression; a culmination (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Code — A system of signals or symbols used for communication (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Collage — an artistic composition made of various materials (as paper, cloth, or wood) glued on a surface. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Color — That which the eyes sees when light is reflected off an object. (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Commentary — something that serves for illustration or explanation (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Community — A group of people living in the same locality and under the same government. (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Compare — To consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous; liken (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Compare — to examine in order to discover likenesses or differences (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Complication — A confused or intricate relationship of parts (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Compound — A combination of two or more elements or parts (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Conductor — Name given to abolitionists who guided escape slaves between safe houses. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Contemporary — To happen, exist, live, or come into being during the current period of time. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Contrast — to compare two persons or things so as to show the differences between them (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Contrast — To set in opposition in order to show or emphasize differences (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Controversy — A discussion marked especially by the expression of opposing views. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Corset — A close-fitting undergarment, often reinforced by stays, worn to support and shape the waistline, hips, and breasts (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Corset — a tight stiff undergarment worn to support or give shape to waist and hips (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Couplet — A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Courage — A state of mind in which a person is able to face danger and fear with confidence and bravery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Criteria — a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Criteria — A standard, rule, or test on which a judgment or decision can be based (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Culture — The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Cytoplasm — the protoplasm of a plant or animal cell except for the nucleus (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Decimal — A linear array of digits that represents a real number, every decimal place indicating a multiple of a negative power of 10 (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Decomposition — Separation into constituents by chemical reaction (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Decorate — to make more attractive by adding something that is beautiful or becoming (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Decoration — the act or action of decorating (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Decoration — Something used to decorate (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Description — an account that presents a picture to a person who reads or hears it (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Dimension — A measure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or length. (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Dressmaker — One that makes women?s clothes, especially dresses (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Dressmaker — the process or occupation of making dresses (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Durable — Capable of withstanding wear and tear or decay (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Ecosystem — a system made up of an ecological community and its environment especially under natural conditions (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Editorial Cartoon — A drawing representing current public figures or issues symbolically and often satirically, also known as a political cartoon. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Eighth — One of eight equal parts (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Eighth note — A note having one-eighth the time value of a whole note (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Element — A fundamental, essential, or irreducible constituent of a composite entity (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Emancipation — The act of freeing someone from slavery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Emancipation Proclamation — Issued by President Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, the proclamation became effective on January 1, 1863. It was a declaration freeing the slaves in those territories still rebelling against the Union. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Endoplasmic Reticulum — a system of cavities and minute connecting canals that occupy much of the cytoplasm of the cell (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Energy — power or ability to be active: strength of body or mind to do things or to work (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Equation — The act or process of equating or of being equated. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Era — A period of time characterized by particular circumstances, events, or personages (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Erosion — The group of natural processes, including weathering, dissolution, abrasion, corrosion, and transportation, by which material is worn away from the earth's surface (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Escape — To break loose from confinement; get free (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Exposition — A statement or rhetorical discourse intended to give information about or an explanation of difficult material (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Expository Writing — the composition of a statement or rhetorical discourse intended to give information about or an explanation of difficult material (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Fabric — A cloth produced especially by knitting, weaving, or felting fibers (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Fashion — a common style especially of dress during a particular time or among a certain group (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Fashion — The prevailing style or custom, as in dress or behavior (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Fauna — animals or animal life especially of a region, period, or environment (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Fiber — a thread or a structure or object resembling a thread (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Fiber — A natural or synthetic filament, as of cotton or nylon, capable of being spun into yarn (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Fiction — A literary work whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Fire — A rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied by flame, especially the exothermic oxidation of a combustible substance. To bake in a kiln: fire pottery (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Flora — plants or plant life especially of a region, period, or environment (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Flower — a plant cultivated or outstanding for its blossoms (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Flux — A substance that aids, induces, or otherwise actively participates in fusing or flowing (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Folktale — A story or legend forming part of an oral tradition (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Foot — unit of measurement equal to 12 inches (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Foreground — The part of a scene or picture that is nearest to and in front of the viewer. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Form — the shape and structure of something as distinguished from its material (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Fraction — An expression that indicates the quotient of two quantities, such as 1/3 (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Free States — States that did not allow slavery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Freedom — Emancipation of the person from slavery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Freedom Seeker — A person who has escaped slavery or captivity. Also referred to as a fugitive slave. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Fruit — the usually edible reproductive body of a seed plant (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Fugitive Slave — A person who has escaped slavery or captivity. Also referred to as a freedom seeker. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Fugitive Slave Law — Legislative acts passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850; intended to facilitate the recapture and extradition of runaway slaves and to commit the federal government to the legitimacy of holding property in slaves. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Genre — A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, marked by a distinctive style, form, or content (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Geometric — of or relating to art based on simple geometric shapes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Geometric — Using simple geometric forms such as circles and squares in design and decoration (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Gift — Something that is bestowed voluntarily and without compensation (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Glaze — A thin smooth shiny coating (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Golgi apparatus — a part of the cytoplasm of a cell that consists of parallel membranes without ribosomes and is active in the formation and secretion of cell products (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Golgi body — any particle that is part of the Golgi apparatus (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Habitat — the place or type of place where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives or grows (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Half note — musical note having the time value of half a whole note (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Half rest — A rest having one half the value of a whole rest (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Handiwork — The product of a person's efforts and actions (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Handiwork — work done by the hands or by oneself (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Historian — One who writes or compiles a chronological record of events; a chronicler (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Homogeneous — Of the same or similar nature or kind: ?a tight-knit, homogeneous society? (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Hue — The name of a color (i.e. red, yellow, and blue) (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Imagery — language that suggests how someone or something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Inch — A unit of length in the U.S. Customary and British Imperial systems, equal to 1/12 of a foot (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Informational Documents — works of nonfiction such as transcripts, reports or journals (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Intensity — The brightness or dullness of a color or hue (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Jim Crow Laws — A system in the late 19th century of Southern segregation, often called the Jim Crow system. Throughout the Southern states laws were passed that segregated blacks and restricted African American rights in almost every conceivable way. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Kiln — Any of various ovens for hardening, burning, or drying substances such as grain, meal, or clay, especially a brick-lined oven used to bake or fire ceramics (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Landscape — A type of painting that deals with the representation of natural scenery (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Leader — One that leads or guides (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Leaf — one of the green usually flat parts that grow from a stem or twig of a plant, make up the foliage, and have the primary purpose of making food by photosynthesis (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Line — the path of a moving point through space (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Line graph Line graph — diagram of lines made by connected data points which represent successive changes in the value of a variable quantity or quantities (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Living — to be alive (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Loom — An apparatus for making thread or yarn into cloth by weaving strands together at right angles (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Loom — a frame or machine for weaving threads or yarns to produce cloth (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Lysosome — a saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Man made — Made by humans rather than occurring in nature (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Manumission — A written legal document that freed an individual from slavery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Master — A man in a position of authority who owns slaves (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Material — The substance or substances out of which a thing is or can be made (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Mayor — The head of government of a city, town, borough, or municipal corporation (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Measure — Dimensions, quantity, or capacity as ascertained by comparison with a standard (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Measurement — The dimension, quantity, or capacity determined by measuring (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Measuring tape — A tool to ascertain measurement (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Medallion — A large medal (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Media — The materials used to make the artwork, such as oils, water color, acrylic, inks, to name a few. (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Metal — Any of a category of electropositive elements that usually have a shiny surface, are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, and can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires. Typical metals form salts with nonmetals, basic oxides with oxygen, and alloys with one another. (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Metaphor — A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Middle Ground — The area between the foreground and background in a painting, drawing, or photograph. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Mistress — A woman in a position of authority who owns slaves, typically the wife of the master. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Mitochondria — one of the round or long bodies found in cells that are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes and are important centers of metabolic processes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Modest — clean and proper in thought, conduct, and dress (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Modesty — Reserve or propriety in speech, dress, or behavior (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Modesty — the quality of being modest (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Monochromatic color — color scheme that uses different values of a single hue (i.e. dark green, light green) (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Moral — Of or concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human action and character (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Mulatto — A term used during slavery that refers to a child of a black person and a white person. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Museum curator — One who manages or oversees, as the administrative director of a museum collection or a library (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Museum Curator — a person in charge of a museum?s collection (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Musical — Of, relating to, or capable of producing music: a musical instrument (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Narrative — A story or first person narrated account (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Narrative Art — Art that visually tells a story (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Native — grown, produced, or having its beginning in a particular region (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Natural — existing in or produced by nature (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Natural — Present in or produced by nature (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Nature — the physical universe (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Negative space — Negative space describes the area surrounding the positive shapes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Negro — An often offensive term used to refer to an African American person. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Nonfiction — literature that is not fictional and often tells of actual events and people. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Non-living — not alive or living (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Note — A tone of definite pitch (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Nuclear membrane — the boundary of a cell nucleus (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Nucleolus — a sphere-shaped body in the cell nucleus that becomes enlarged during the manufacture of proteins, is associated with a particular part of a chromosome, and is rich in RNA (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Nucleus — a cell part that is characteristic of all living things with the exception of viruses, bacteria, and blue-green algae, that is necessary for heredity and for making proteins, that contains the nucleoli and the chromosomes with their genes, and that is enclosed in a nuclear membrane (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Observe — To be or become aware of, especially through careful and directed attention; notice (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Organic — Of, relating to, or derived from living organisms (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Organic — Shapes that are not regular or even and use a combination of edges that are curved or angular (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Organisms — an individual living thing that carries on the activities of life by means of organs which have separate functions but are dependent on each other (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Overseer — One who keeps watch over and directs the work of others, especially laborers. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Papier?Mache — A material, made from paper pulp or shreds of paper mixed with glue or paste, that can be molded into various shapes when wet and becomes hard and suitable for painting and varnishing when dry (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Patron — One that supports, protects, or champions someone or something, such as an institution, event, or cause; a sponsor or benefactor (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Pattern — A plan, diagram, or model to be followed in making things: a dress pattern (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Pattern — an artistic form, figure, or design (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Percent — One part in a hundred (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Period — a chronological division (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Period — An interval of time characterized by the occurrence of a certain condition, event, or phenomenon (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Periodic table — A tabular arrangement of the elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same column (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Photosynthesis — the process by which plants that contain chlorophyll make carbohydrates from water and from carbon dioxide in the air in the presence of light (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Plant — any of a kingdom of living things usually lacking the ability to move from place to place under their own power, having no obvious nervous or sensory organs, possessing cellulose cell walls, and often having a body that is able to keep growing without taking on a fixed size and shape (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Plantation — A large estate or farm on which crops are raised. In the antebellum south these crops were raised by slaves. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Plot — The pattern of events or main story in a narrative or drama (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Positive space — Positive shape refers to the focal point of a work of art or shape of the work of art (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Primary source — an original document pertaining to an event or subject of inquiry, also a firsthand or eyewitness account of an event (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Principles of Art — Eight elements that govern the way the art elements are incorporated within works of art (balance, variety, harmony, emphasis, proportion, movement, rhythm, and unity) (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Propaganda — Ideas, information, or rumors spread for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Protect — to cover or shield from something that would destroy or injure (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Protection — the act of protecting (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Protection — The act of protecting. The condition of being protected (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Quadroon — A person having one-quarter African ancestry. This was a classification used under slavery. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Quaker — A member of the Society of Friends religious domination. Members were often known to oppose slavery and often helped slaves to escape. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Quarter note — A note having one-fourth the time value of a whole note. Also called crotchet. (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Quatrain — A stanza or poem of four lines (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Realism — Commitment in art and literature to nature or to real life and to accurate representation without idealization (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Reception — a social gathering (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Reception — A social function, especially one intended to provide a welcome or greeting (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Reconstruction — The reorganization and reestablishment of the seceded states in the Union after the American Civil War (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Reminiscences — A narration of past events, a memoir. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Repetition — the act or an instance of repeating (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Reset — The act of setting again (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Residual — The quantity left over at the end of a process; a remainder (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Resolution — The state or quality of being resolute; firm determination (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Ribosomes — one of numerous small RNA-containing particles in a cell that are sites of protein synthesis (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Risk — To expose oneself to hazard or danger (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Root — the leafless usually underground part of a plant that absorbs and stores water and minerals and holds the plant in place (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Ruler — A straight edged strip, as of wood or metal, for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Safe House — A house where escaped slaves could receive help in the form of food, shelter, rest, and transport. Also known as a station. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Scene — The place of an occurrence or action (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Secondary source — a secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event.. It is generally at least one step removed from the event. (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Sedimentary — resembling or containing or formed by the accumulation of sediment; "sedimentary deposits" (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Seed — a plant structure (small dry fruit) capable of producing a new plant (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Setting — To fix firmly or in an immobile manner (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Sew — To make, repair, or fasten by stitching, as with a needle and thread or a sewing machine (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Sew — to work with needle and thread (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Shape — something having a certain form (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Silica — A white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, occurring abundantly as quartz, sand, flint, agate, and many other minerals and used to manufacture a wide variety of materials, especially glass and concrete (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Silk — A fine lustrous fiber composed mainly of fibroin and produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons, especially the strong, elastic, fibrous secretion of silkworms used to make thread and fabric (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Silver — This metallic element as a commodity or medium of exchange (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Slave — A person who is by law the property of another. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Slave Catcher — A person or group of individuals who hunt for and capture runaway slaves in order to return them to their owner for financial reward. Also known as a bounty hunter. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Slave State — State that allowed slavery (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Slavery — The state or condition of a slave; an institution that enables human bondage (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Slope — The tangent of the angle of inclination of a line, or the slope of the tangent line for a curve or surface (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Space — The element of art that refers to the distance between, around, above, below, and within things (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Spiritual — religious song usually of a deeply emotional character that was developed especially among blacks in the southern U.S. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Station — A house where escaped slave could receive help in the form of food, shelter, rest and transport. Also known as a safe house. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Stem — the main stalk of a plant that develops buds and shoots and usually grows above the ground (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Style — The way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Style — The fashion of the moment, especially of dress (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Texture — A structure of interwoven fibers or other elements (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Texture — The distinctive physical composition or structure of something, especially with respect to the size, shape, and arrangement of its parts (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Texture — the structure, feel, and appearance of something (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Three-dimensional — having three dimensions or extensions in one direction (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Timeline — A representation or exhibit of key events within a particular historical period, often consisting of illustrative visual material accompanied by written commentary, arranged chronologically. (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Timeline — a table listing important events for successive years within a particular historical period (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Today — The present day, time, or age (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Tomorrow — The day following today (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)

Train — A part of a gown that trails behind the wearer (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Train — a part of a gown that trails behind the wearer (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Transcendentalism — A literary and philosophical movement that asserts the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Trend — a current style or liking (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Trilobate — of a leaf shape; divided into three lobes (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Two-dimensional — having two dimensions or extensions in one direction (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Underground Railroad — A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching place of safety in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States. A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching place of safety in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States. A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching place of safety in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States. (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Vacuole — a cavity or vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell usually containing fluid (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Validity — Supported by objective truth or generally accepted authority (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Value — The lightness or darkness of a hue or color (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Variable — Likely to change or vary; subject to variation; changeable (Lesson: Painting-The Underground Railroad)

Vase — an open jar of glass or porcelain used as an ornament or to hold flowers (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Vein — one of the vascular bundles forming the framework of a leaf (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Vessel — hollow utensil, such as a cup, vase, or pitcher, used as a container, especially for liquids (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Victorian — Being in the highly ornamented, massive style of architecture, decor, and furnishings popular in 19th-century England (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Victorian — relating to, or typical of the reign of Queen Victoria of England or of the literature, art, and tastes of her time (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Volume — the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object as measured in cubic units (as quarts or liters) (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Warp — a series of yarns going lengthwise in a loom and crossed by the weft (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Warp — To arrange (strands of yarn or thread) so that they run lengthwise in weaving (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Weave — to form (cloth) by interlacing strands (as of yarn) (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Weaving — To make (cloth) by interlacing the threads of the weft and the warp on a loom (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Weft — the threads that cross the warp in a woven fabric (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Weft — The horizontal threads interlaced through the warp in a woven fabric (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Wood — The secondary xylem of trees and shrubs, lying beneath the bark and consisting largely of cellulose and lignin (Lesson: The Dueling Divas of Cincinnati Art Pottery)

Woodcarving — a person who carves objects of wood (Lesson: Benn Pitman Bed)

Yard — A fundamental unit of length in both the U.S. Customary System and the British Imperial System, equal to 3 feet, or 36 inches (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Yard goods — merchandise in the form of fabrics sold by the yard (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Yardstick — A graduated measuring stick one yard in length (Lesson: Reception Dress)

Yesterday — The day before the present day (Lesson: Vase and Dedication Medallion by Tiffany and Co.)